Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya

Vincent Ogembo; Gavin Akinyi Mohamed

doi:doi:10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12

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Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya

Vincent Ogembo, Gavin Akinyi Mohamed

Published in Earth Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 4)

Received: 22 May 2023 Accepted: 9 June 2023 Published: 11 July 2023

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Abstract

The study was aimed at measuring the in situ spectral reflectance of Lake Victoria fresh water which contains algal blooms and different suspended solids. Reflectance spectra of wavelengths 340-1,018 nm were collected from Lake Victoria fresh water using a portable spectroradiometer. The data was collected on a cloud free day between 0912 to 1022 hours. Sunlight was used as a source of illumination while dark surface was applied as control to obtain a near-normal angle of observation at a Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) on 27^th October 2022. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used in analyzing the satellite images of Lake Victoria, Winam Gulf with NDCI index technique which provides an estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration. The averaged spectrum of the Lake Victoria water showed reflectance maxima from 580-710 nm and reflectance minima near 430 nm and above 740 nm wavelengths. This study showed that the higher the NDCI value, the higher the concentration of chlorophyll-a, the more sever the algal bloom. On average, the concentration of chlorophyll-a was high at 33-50mg/m³ and highest values recorded between January and February of every year due to high temperatures during the dry season. The Winum Gulf of Lake Victoria is characterized by increasing eutrophication arising from increased anthropogenic activities on the shores of the lake. Major factors contributing to the increased eutrophication include Urban sprawl, industrial loads and agricultural activities. The study, therefore, presents the algal bloom situation and spectral reflectance of the lake under the influence of human activities surrounding Lake Victoria.

Published in	Earth Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12
Page(s)	90-98
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Spectral Reflectance, NDCI, Chlorophyll-a, Lake Victoria Winum Gulf, Google Earth Engine

References

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APA Style

Vincent Ogembo, Gavin Akinyi Mohamed. (2023). Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya. Earth Sciences, 12(4), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12

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Vincent Ogembo; Gavin Akinyi Mohamed. Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya. Earth Sci. 2023, 12(4), 90-98. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12

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AMA Style

Vincent Ogembo, Gavin Akinyi Mohamed. Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya. Earth Sci. 2023;12(4):90-98. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12

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@article{10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12,
  author = {Vincent Ogembo and Gavin Akinyi Mohamed},
  title = {Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {90-98},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20231204.12},
  abstract = {The study was aimed at measuring the in situ spectral reflectance of Lake Victoria fresh water which contains algal blooms and different suspended solids. Reflectance spectra of wavelengths 340-1,018 nm were collected from Lake Victoria fresh water using a portable spectroradiometer. The data was collected on a cloud free day between 0912 to 1022 hours. Sunlight was used as a source of illumination while dark surface was applied as control to obtain a near-normal angle of observation at a Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) on 27th October 2022. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used in analyzing the satellite images of Lake Victoria, Winam Gulf with NDCI index technique which provides an estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration. The averaged spectrum of the Lake Victoria water showed reflectance maxima from 580-710 nm and reflectance minima near 430 nm and above 740 nm wavelengths. This study showed that the higher the NDCI value, the higher the concentration of chlorophyll-a, the more sever the algal bloom. On average, the concentration of chlorophyll-a was high at 33-50mg/m3 and highest values recorded between January and February of every year due to high temperatures during the dry season. The Winum Gulf of Lake Victoria is characterized by increasing eutrophication arising from increased anthropogenic activities on the shores of the lake. Major factors contributing to the increased eutrophication include Urban sprawl, industrial loads and agricultural activities. The study, therefore, presents the algal bloom situation and spectral reflectance of the lake under the influence of human activities surrounding Lake Victoria.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya
AU - Vincent Ogembo
AU - Gavin Akinyi Mohamed
Y1 - 2023/07/11
PY - 2023
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12
DO - 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12
T2 - Earth Sciences
JF - Earth Sciences
JO - Earth Sciences
SP - 90
EP - 98
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2328-5982
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12
AB - The study was aimed at measuring the in situ spectral reflectance of Lake Victoria fresh water which contains algal blooms and different suspended solids. Reflectance spectra of wavelengths 340-1,018 nm were collected from Lake Victoria fresh water using a portable spectroradiometer. The data was collected on a cloud free day between 0912 to 1022 hours. Sunlight was used as a source of illumination while dark surface was applied as control to obtain a near-normal angle of observation at a Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) on 27th October 2022. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used in analyzing the satellite images of Lake Victoria, Winam Gulf with NDCI index technique which provides an estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration. The averaged spectrum of the Lake Victoria water showed reflectance maxima from 580-710 nm and reflectance minima near 430 nm and above 740 nm wavelengths. This study showed that the higher the NDCI value, the higher the concentration of chlorophyll-a, the more sever the algal bloom. On average, the concentration of chlorophyll-a was high at 33-50mg/m3 and highest values recorded between January and February of every year due to high temperatures during the dry season. The Winum Gulf of Lake Victoria is characterized by increasing eutrophication arising from increased anthropogenic activities on the shores of the lake. Major factors contributing to the increased eutrophication include Urban sprawl, industrial loads and agricultural activities. The study, therefore, presents the algal bloom situation and spectral reflectance of the lake under the influence of human activities surrounding Lake Victoria.
VL - 12
IS - 4
ER -

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Author Information

Vincent Ogembo

School of Spatial Planning and Natural Resource Management, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
Gavin Akinyi Mohamed

Department of Survey and Earth Sciences, Ramogi Institute of Advanced Technology, Kisumu, Kenya

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APA Style

Vincent Ogembo, Gavin Akinyi Mohamed. (2023). Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya. Earth Sciences, 12(4), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12

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ACS Style

Vincent Ogembo; Gavin Akinyi Mohamed. Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya. Earth Sci. 2023, 12(4), 90-98. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12

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AMA Style

Vincent Ogembo, Gavin Akinyi Mohamed. Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya. Earth Sci. 2023;12(4):90-98. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12

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@article{10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12,
  author = {Vincent Ogembo and Gavin Akinyi Mohamed},
  title = {Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {90-98},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20231204.12},
  abstract = {The study was aimed at measuring the in situ spectral reflectance of Lake Victoria fresh water which contains algal blooms and different suspended solids. Reflectance spectra of wavelengths 340-1,018 nm were collected from Lake Victoria fresh water using a portable spectroradiometer. The data was collected on a cloud free day between 0912 to 1022 hours. Sunlight was used as a source of illumination while dark surface was applied as control to obtain a near-normal angle of observation at a Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) on 27th October 2022. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used in analyzing the satellite images of Lake Victoria, Winam Gulf with NDCI index technique which provides an estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration. The averaged spectrum of the Lake Victoria water showed reflectance maxima from 580-710 nm and reflectance minima near 430 nm and above 740 nm wavelengths. This study showed that the higher the NDCI value, the higher the concentration of chlorophyll-a, the more sever the algal bloom. On average, the concentration of chlorophyll-a was high at 33-50mg/m3 and highest values recorded between January and February of every year due to high temperatures during the dry season. The Winum Gulf of Lake Victoria is characterized by increasing eutrophication arising from increased anthropogenic activities on the shores of the lake. Major factors contributing to the increased eutrophication include Urban sprawl, industrial loads and agricultural activities. The study, therefore, presents the algal bloom situation and spectral reflectance of the lake under the influence of human activities surrounding Lake Victoria.},
 year = {2023}
}

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